above sea-level) above the right bank of both the Oka and the Volga. The upper city is built on three hills, which rise as steep crags 400 ft. Nizhniy-Novgorod consists of three parts: the upper city, including the Kremlin the lower town, or Nizhniy Bazaar and "the Fair," with the suburb of Kunavino. Its importance was still further increased during the latter part of the 19th century in consequence of the growth of manufacturing industry in the Oka basin, the rapid development of steamboat traffic on the Volga and its tributaries, the extension of the Russian railway system and the opening of Central Asia for trade. It has thus become the seat of the great Makaryevskaya fair (see below), and one of the chief commercial centres of Russia. It occupies an advantageous position on the great artery of Russian trade, at a place where the manufactured and agricultural products of the basin of the Oka meet the metal wares from that of the Kama, the corn and salt brought from the south-eastern governments, the produce of the Caspian fisheries, and the various wares imported from Siberia, Central Asia, Caucasia and Persia. NIZHNIY - NOVGOROD, or simply Nizhniy, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, situated at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga, 272 m.
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